Good Behavior The History and Employment of Applied Behavioral Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1718 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Employment Essay Did you like this example? Autism Spectrum Disorder or ASD is a developmental disorder that affects behavior, communication, cognition, emotional intelligence, and sensory stimulation. Although one can be diagnosed with Autism at any age, it is considered a developmental disorder because symptoms generally appear and are diagnosed within in the first two years of life (National Institute of Mental Health, 2018). While ASD is very common with 1 in every 59 children being affected by Autism, each case has a unique combination of symptoms (Autism Speaks, 2018b). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Good Behavior: The History and Employment of Applied Behavioral Analysis" essay for you Create order The list of symptoms associated with Autism is vast, some of the most common traits and actions include: difficulty or lack of interest in communicating with others, repetitive behaviors (such as self-stimulatory behavior â€Å"stimming† or echolalia), intense obsessive interests, hypersensitivity to light and sound, delayed accusation or lack of speech, self-injurious behavior, impulsivity, and inappropriate social interaction (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2018) (Rudy, 2018b) (National Autistic Society, 2018) (Edelson, 2000). The DSM-V divides individuals with ASD into three categories based on level of severity: Level 1 â€Å"Requiring support†, Level 2 â€Å"Requiring substantial support†, Level 3 â€Å"Requiring very substantial support† (Autism Speaks, 2018b). Other common disorders related to or also considered to be under the umbrella of ASD are: Asperger’s syndrome, Tourettes syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Rhett syndrome, learning disabilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, dyspraxia, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), sleep problems, and sensory difficulties National Health Service, 2018) (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2018) (Autism Speaks, 2018c). Due to the wide range of symptoms that one can manifest, multilevel diagnostic criteria, and various related disorders that can qualify one for an ASD diagnosis and each individual case is just that, individual. Dr. Stephen Shore, a proud member of the ASD community himself and prominent professor of special education at Adelphi University, famously stated, â€Å"If youve met one person with autism, youve met one person with autism† to illustrate just how diverse the Autism spectrum is (Organization for Autism Research, 2018) (The International Board of Crede ntialing and Continuing Education Standards, 2018). The focus of this paper is the behavioral aspect of ASD and the most common treatment of inappropriate behavior as a result of Autism, Applied Behavioral Analysis or ABA therapy. ABA therapy is the leading method of treatment for ASD and the most widely endorsed, organizations such as the National Institute of Health, the Association for Science in Autism Treatment, as well as the U.S. Surgeon General all consider ABA the best course of treatment for ASD (Centria Autism Services, 2018). The core of ABA therapy is teaching children new skills by breaking them into smaller actions and positively reinforcing each progression towards the goal action. Success in ABA therapy is described as increasing behaviors that are helpful to the child and decreasing behaviors that are harmful to the child or negatively affect their learning (Autism Speaks, 2018a). There is no cure for Autism and ABA does not claim to â€Å"cure† children but rather aims to enhance their quality of life by teaching them valuable skills in communication, self-sufficiency, and emotional intelligence. The late Dr. Ivar Lovaas is credited as the father of ABA therapy. After earning his PhD in clinical psychology from the University of Washington in 1958 Lovaas began his career in applied psychology as an assistant professor at the University’s Child Development Institute under clinician Sidney Bijou—a student of zeitgeist of behavioralism, Dr. B.F. Skinner—during this time working under Bijou Lovaas developed his idea for a behavior-shaping form of therapy for children with ASD (Devita-Raeburn, 2016). In 1970 Lovaas launched the Young Autism Project and began putting ABA therapy into practice. Lovaas heavily focused on â€Å"normalizing† Autistic children and extinguishing behaviors that were considered overtly â€Å"Autism-like †. One such behavior his approach harshly discouraged was self-stimulatory behavior, also referred to as â€Å"stimming†Ã¢â‚¬â€a set of repetitive acts such as hand-flapping or other tics that ASD children use to dispel energy and anxiety (Devita-Raeburn, 2016) (Rudy 2018b). A regrettable part of the history of ABA was the corporal manner in which therapists were instructed to eliminate ASD behaviors. In the initial trials of ABA, therapists slapped, shouted at, taunted or even administered electrical shocks to children to reduce unwanted tics (Devita-Raeburn, 2016). Many opposers of ABA often reference such practices when expressing their dissent of ABA therapy but it is important to note that ABA as well as ethical regulations have both progressed immensely since the inauguration of Lovaas’ studies in the early 1970’s—contemporary ABA omits any type of positive punishment behavior shaping. Despite the unsavory and overly regimented implementation of the therapy, after the first 14 months of treatment his patients exhibited enormous improvements in suppression of inappropriate social behaviors as well as strides in behaviors; such as speech, play, and social nonverbal behavior—improvement in the children’s IQs were also recorded (Devita-Raeburn, 2016). As for my personal connection to the world of ABA therapy, I will be starting training in January to become a Registered Behavioral Therapist or an RBT. This will be my first experience in a professional field and I eager to begin. I have had several positions in which I gained experience working closely with children on the Autism spectrum and I hope to continue with this type of work after graduating. To become an RBT I must first complete 40-hours of training conducted by the Behavioral Analyst Certification Board and pass the RBT exam (Behavioral Analyst Certification Board, 2018). Upon passing I will be able to start working with clients directly, usual sessions are conducted in the home, which is reflective of the hybrid approach the agency I will be working for uses. At Gateway Learning Group principles of ABA are employed as well as strategies from programs such as Pivotal Response Treatment, Discrete Trial Training, and the Early Start Denver Model (Gateway Learning Group, 2018). As I have been conducting research for this assignment, I have come across multiple viewpoints on Autism treatment and ABA therapy in particular. When I originally came across negative viewpoints, I was worried to align myself with of a problematic type of treatment. After further research I have come to understand the prominent critiques of ABA are that it is marketed as the â€Å"only option† to parents and it is an attempt to change children in a derogatory way. To the first point, ABA is the most well-known and extensively peracted form of treatment because it came about fairly early. Before Lovaas, the main form of treatment for ASD was to be sent to an institution (which were very scary places back in 1950s), while Lovaas had a less than perfect approach e thically-speaking he did save generations of children from being sent to the â€Å"looney bin†. Additionally, it is difficult to run trials, and subsequently popularize, new forms of treatment because most parents have little interest in their child being a â€Å"guinea pig† for a new study or a be part of a control group and remain untreated. Secondly, I disagree with the claim that ABA is an insulting practice, most of the rhetoric I have come across that asserts such goes on to say that people with ASD should be regarded as â€Å"different† but not â€Å"atypical†Ã¢â‚¬â€yet those words are synonyms—and should not be undergo treatment to change their behavior. Personally I have nothing but compassion and respect for all the people in my family, social circle, and work environment with ASD and I do not look down on them or see them as needing to be â€Å"fixed† but seeking treatment to improve their social skills, self-sufficiency, and communication are all things that ultimate enrich their overall quality of life by enabling them to form de eper relationships, live more independently, and even obtain jobs to help support themselves. Bibliography Association for Play Therapy. (2018). Why play? Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://www.a4pt.org/page/PTMakesADifference/Play-Therapy-Makes-a-Difference.htm Autism Speaks Inc. (2018a). Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://www.autismspeaks.org/applied-behavior-analysis-aba-0 Autism Speaks Inc. (2018b). DSM-5 criteria. Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://www.autismspeaks.org/dsm-5-criteria Autism Speaks Inc. (2018c). What is autism? Retrieved December 1, 2018, from https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism Behavioral Analyst Certification Board. (2018). RBT REQUIREMENTS. Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://www.bacb.com/rbt/rbt-requirements/ Centria Autism Services. (2018). Applied Behavior Analysis Therapy ABA therapies, autism services | Centria Healthcare. Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://www.centriaautism.com/aba-therapy.html Devita-Raeburn, E. (2016, August 15). The controversy over autisms most common therapy. Retrieved D ecember 9, 2018, from https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/controversy-autisms-common-therapy/ Edelson, S., Dr. (2000). Understanding and Treating Self-Injurious Behavior. Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://www.autism.com/symptoms_self-injury Gateway Learning Group. (2018). Gateway Learning Group. Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://www.gatewaylg.com/ Holland, K. (2018, July 18). Levels of Autism: symptoms and Outlook of Severity Levels 1, 2, and 3. Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://www.healthline.com/health/levels-of-autism The International Board of Credentialing and Continuing Education Standards. (2018, April 26). Interview with Dr. Stephen Shore. Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://ibcces.org/blog/2018/03/23/12748/ Larsson, E. V., Wright, S. (2011). O. Ivar Lovaas (1927-2010). US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, 111-114. Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089401/. The Lovaa s Center. (2013). Dr. Ole Ivar Lovaas | Pioneer of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://thelovaascenter.com/about-us/dr-ivar-lovaas/ McNamara, R. (2016). Home: News: parents and friends. Retrieved December 1, 2018, from https://www.autismsupportnetwork.com/news/autism-and-stigma-parenting-2748294 Mayo Clinic Staff. (2018, January 6). Autism spectrum disorder. Retrieved December 1, 2018, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 National Autistic Society. (2018). Obsessions, repetitive behaviour and routines. Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://www.autism.org.uk/about/behaviour/obsessions-repetitive-routines.aspx National Health Service. (2018). Symptoms Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/symptoms/ National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, March). Autism spectrum disorder. Retrieved December 1, 2018, from https ://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml Organization for Autism Research. (2018). Stephen Shore. Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://researchautism.org/who-we-are/stephen-shore/ Rudy, L. J., Forman, J. (2018a, August 31). Is applied behavioral analysis (aba) right for my autistic child? Retrieved December 2, 2018, from https://www.verywellhealth.com/aba-applied-behavioral-analysis-therapy-autism-259913 Rudy, L. J., Forman, J. (2018b, November 6). Why Does My Autistic Child Rock, Flap, and Pace? Retrieved December 2, 2018, from https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-stimming-in-autism-260034 (stimming) Rudy, L. J., Forman, J. (2018c, November 28). Why Does My Child with Autism Echo Words and Sounds? Retrieved December 2, 2018, from https://www.verywellhealth.com/why-does-my-child-with-autism-repeat-words-and-phrases-260144 (echolalia) Sarris, M. (2016, February 04). Families Face Autism Stigma, Isolation. Retrieved December 1, 2018, from ht tps://iancommunity.org/ssc/families-face-autism-stigma-isolation

Summary The Plantation Economy Of The British North...

Zainab Omosanya HST 1510 LD 01 Analytical Essay 1 Prof. Korey Bowers-Brown Trace the shift from non-racially specific indentured servitude to perpetual race-based slavery in the British North American colonies. Why did this shift occur, and what impact did the shift have on the lives of colonial inhabitants? The plantation economy in the Atlantic created a tremendous need for human labor. In the absence of machinery, human labor was required for the cultivation, planting and harvesting of the various cash crops e.g. rice tobacco and indigo. Although slavery had been existing throughout the 1600s, indentured servitude was an ancient English labor contract, it is a system whereby the servant would be at†¦show more content†¦By 1640s, slave status and racial boundaries began to harden Virginia’s planter-lawmakers moved to regulate human bondage and interracial relations (Carson pg. 48). The book also stated that as time went on, judges and legislators established precede nts that assigned Africans to lifelong slavery. The shift from non-racially specific indentured servitude to perpetual race-based slavery started as the racial boundaries and slave status became strict in legal terms, and the system of indentured servitude failed as masters did not hold up their end of the contract and subjecting servants to lifelong slavery, which later resulted in a rebellion (Bacon’s rebellion). The system of indentured servitude never took off at a good start because most of the masters did not abide by the contracts and most slaves were forced to live the better part of their lives as slaves. Anthony Johnson, a free African who acquired lands for himself and his family in Northampton County on Virginia’s eastern shore and started a tobacco plantation, who also owned a herd of cattle and hogs as well as two black servants. Anthony and his family lived in a region where slave status and racial boundaries had not yet hardened. Anthony got married to woman named Mary and one of their sons married a white woman, this was not very common in that time, but it happened as he could provide her with a

The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1541 Words

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter follows young adulteress Hester Prynne as she struggles with her sin and subsequent isolation from Puritan society, while Walt Whitman’s Oh Captain! My Captain! chronicles a ship’s bittersweet journey towards a port without its captain. Both texts are products of the American Romantic era, which lasted from the 1830s to 1860s, and characterized a time period of particularly emotional and contemplative literature. Hawthorne and Whitman display a sense of nostalgia for the past by juxtaposing the structural rigidity of history with the dynamic fragility of the future, in order to highlight that with progressive change comes at the loss of strength and safety, which ultimately lessens the traction of forward thinking. In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne nostalgically contrasts the traditional characteristics of old women with the delicate femininity of young women to highlight the correlation between the rise in progressivity of the female voice and the decline in power of young women in the Puritan community; furthermore, he compares the past with the future of the community through his symbolism of scaffolds and their relation to Hester’s and Dimmesdale’s instabilities. Nostalgia for the past is defined as a sentimentality for the earlier times in history or one’s life. In this case, Hawthorne’s sentimentality is a yearning, not for a backwards or intolerable society, but rather for a more orderly and structured system in which peopleShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). 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Nursing Literature Review

Question: Write a literature review. Answer: Research Statement: Effect of nursing mentors to reduce student's stress level during their nursing practice Literature Review: Nursing students undergo a series of practice programs during their nursing course. This program is placed in the practice to provide the efficiencies and necessary medical skills to become a registered nurse. The main role of the mentor is to supervise and support these pre-registered nurses during their practice. In nursing training, "Fitness to Practice" is modified with the introduction of "Making a Difference" programs in 2004. According to this program, the equal importance will be divided between practice and theory (Wilson, 2014). This program helps to build up the relationship between the mentor and the practising nurses. These mentors are selected from the students who had received the nursing training before entering the institution. To understand the relationship between the mentors and students one study was done through interviewing twelve UK registered nurses. According to those nurses, after mentoring the students, they identified two students with six key aspects as their nursing role, which are, managing conflicting responsibilities and roles, learning through students, facilitating learning and supporting students (Li et al., 2011). Despite the importance of this program, the student nurses go through high-stress level during their training period. This stress can come due to many reasons. The cultural differences play a major role in the overseas nurses during the period of practice (Levett Jones et al., 2009). There are many strategies to lower down the stress level in the nursing students. Such type of strategy is peer mentoring (Allan, 2010). In this research, the research proposal will be made based on the relationship between mentor and student nurse. It will also discuss the effect of this relationship to reduce the stress level in student nurses. Design Research approach: This particular research approach can be formed through mixed method. In mixed method both, the quantitative and qualitative approach will be needed. This research will be conducted in a sample of mentors and students. Therefore, mixed method suits the approach (Jokelainen et al., 2013). The approach will be made through analyzing the following statement: The understanding of mentors and students by the mentorship program The influence of gained knowledge in the learning of the student The influence of the training and mentors in the life of the students Recommendations to reduce stress in the life of the student Research Design: In qualitative research design, field research will be chosen. In field research, the data will be collected through fieldwork. To conduct this research, it is necessary to observe or interview the mentors and students of a chosen sample. Sometimes, to support those data, the researcher has to do different types of fieldwork (Smith et al., 2015). In quantitative research design, the experimental method will be chosen. Quantitative research is related to collecting the data in numerical form. To get this data, the researcher has to perform different experiments in trial and error basis among the mentors and students. Research Method: The research method is a methodological way through which the research will be conducted. To start with, this research few specific nursing institutions have to be chosen. A sample will be made with a fixed number of mentors and student nurses of that chosen institutions (Annear Robinson 2014). The number will be selected after reviewing the institution. Then research will be performed through the quantitative and qualitative way in that sample. Later the result and recommendations will be drawn from that. Data collection method: While conducting the research, the data will be collected through questionnaire and interviewing the sample. These methods will satisfy the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the research. Interviewing the mentors and the students is a qualitative method. To interview, these people the researcher has to do a lot of fieldwork (McCallum et al., 2015). To analyze these data quantitative analysis should be done. Quantitative analysis means to analyze the data with rubrics. So, the rubrics will be used through a questionnaire in quantitative analysis. These two methods also can b used to support those collected data. Organizational policies, procedures and protocols: The researcher has to consider the organizational policies, procedures and protocols to conduct research. Here, in this research, firstly, the researcher has to know about the recruitment policy of the mentors in the institutions. This will help to know about the whole recruitment process for this program. Then the research will be having his/her policy regarding research grant. Even the organization also will be having its policy to provide the research grant (Wilson, 2014). Each organization has its procedure. Therefore, before stating the research, the researcher has to be aware of that procedure. According to that procedure, the researcher can take the interview and perform questionnaire among those nurses. The researcher should also know about the protocol of the organization, as the free time of the nurses, opening time of the organization. Therefore, the researcher has to be very well known about these facts. References: Allan, H. (2010). Mentoring overseas nurses: Barriers to effective and non-discriminatory mentoring practices.Nursing Ethics,17(5), 603-613. Annear, M., Lea, E., Robinson, A. (2014). Are care workers appropriate mentors for nursing students in residential aged care?.BMC nursing,13(1), 44. Jokelainen, M., Jamookeeah, D., Tossavainen, K., Turunen, H. (2013). Finnish and British mentors' conceptions of facilitating nursing students' placement learning and professional development.Nurse education in practice,13(1), 61-67. Levett Jones, T., Lathlean, J., Higgins, I., McMillan, M. (2009). Staffstudent relationships and their impact on nursing students belongingness and learning.Journal of Advanced Nursing,65(2), 316-324. Li, H. C., Wang, L. S., Lin, Y. H., Lee, I. (2011). The effect of a peer mentoring strategy on student nurse stress reduction in clinical practice.International nursing review,58(2), 203-210. McCallum, J., Lamont, D., Kerr, E. L. (2015). First year undergraduate nursing students and nursing mentors: An evaluation of their experience of specialist areas as their hub practice learning environment.Nurse education in practice. Smith, A., Beattie, M., Kyle, R. G. (2015). Stepping up, stepping back, stepping forward: Student nurses' experiences as peer mentors in a pre-nursing scholarship.Nurse education in practice,15(6), 492-497. Wilson, A. M. (2014). Mentoring student nurses and the educational use of self: A hermeneutic phenomenological study.Nurse education today,34(3), 313-318.